The puzzle of plant hybridisation: a high propensity to hybridise but few hybrid zones reported.

An interesting conundrum was recently revealed by R. Abbott when he found that the number of hybrid zones reported in the literature for plants is very low, given the propensity of plants to hybridise. In another literature survey on hybrid zones performed over the period 1970-2022, we found that the number of hybrid zones reported for vertebrates was 2.3 times greater than that reported for vascular plants, even though there are about six times more vascular plant species than vertebrates. Looking at the number of papers reporting hybrid zones, there are 4.9 times more on vertebrates than on vascular plants. These figures support the relevance of this conundrum. In this paper we aim to shed light on this question by providing a structured discussion of the causes that may underlie this conundrum. We propose six non-mutually exclusive factors, namely lack or deficit of spatial structure, lack or deficit of genetic structure, effects of hybridisation between non-closely related species, lability of plant hybrid zones over time, botanists' perception of hybridisation, and deficit of population genetic data. There does not appear to be a single factor that explains our puzzle, which applies to all cases of plants where hybridisation is detected but no hybrid zone is reported. It is argued that some plant features suggest that the puzzle is not, at least entirely, due to insufficient knowledge of the specific cases, a hypothesis that should be addressed with a wider range of empirical data across different taxonomic groups.

Demography-driven and adaptive introgression in a hybrid zone of the Armeria syngameon.

Syngameons represent networks of otherwise distinct species connected by limited gene exchange. Although most studies have focused on how species maintain their cohesiveness despite gene flow, there are additional relevant questions regarding the evolutionary dynamics of syngameons and their drivers, as well as the success of their members and the network as a whole. Using a ddRADseq approach, we analysed the genetic structure, genomic clines and demographic history of a coastal hybrid zone involving two species of the Armeria (Plumbaginaceae) syngameon in southern Spain. We inferred that a peripheral population of the sand dune-adapted A. pungens diverged from the rest of the conspecific populations and subsequently hybridized with a locally more abundant pinewood congener, A. macrophylla. Both species display extensive plastid DNA haplotype sharing. Genomic cline analysis identified bidirectional introgression, but more outlier loci with excess A. pungens than A. macrophylla ancestry, suggesting the possibility of selection for A. pungens alleles. This is consistent with the finding that the A. pungens phenotype is selected for in open habitats, and with the strong correlation found between ancestry and phenotype. Taken together, our analyses suggest an intriguing scenario in which bidirectional introgression may, on the one hand, help to avoid reduced levels of genetic diversity due to the small size and isolated location of the A. pungens range-edge population, thereby minimizing demographic risks of stochastic extinction. On the other hand, the data also suggest that introgression into A. macrophylla may allow individuals to grow in open, highly irradiated, deep sandy, salt-exposed habitats.

Identification of potential invasive alien species in Spain through horizon scanning.

Invasive alien species have widespread impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystem services. Since the number of introductions worldwide is continuously rising, it is essential to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of new alien species through a systematic examination of future potential threats. Applying a three-step horizon scanning consensus method, we evaluated non-established alien species that could potentially arrive, establish and cause major ecological impact in Spain within the next 10 years. Overall, we identified 47 species with a very high risk (e.g. Oreochromis niloticus, Popillia japonica, Hemidactylus frenatus, Crassula helmsii or Halophila stipulacea), 61 with high risk, 93 with moderate risk, and 732 species with low risk. Many of the species categorized as very high or high risk to Spanish biodiversity are either already present in Europe and neighbouring countries or have a long invasive history elsewhere. This study provides an updated list of potential invasive alien species useful for prioritizing efforts and resources against their introduction. Compared to previous horizon scanning exercises in Spain, the current study screens potential invaders from a wider range of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms, and can serve as a basis for more comprehensive risk analyses to improve management and increase the efficiency of the early warning and rapid response framework for invasive alien species. We also stress the usefulness of measuring agreement and consistency as two different properties of the reliability of expert scores, in order to more easily elaborate consensus ranked lists of potential invasive alien species.

Discovery of WLB-89462, a New Drug-like and Highly Selective σ2 Receptor Ligand with Neuroprotective Properties.

The synthesis and pharmacological activity of a new series of isoxazolylpyrimidines as sigma-2 receptor (σ2R) ligands are reported. Modification of a new hit retrieved in an HTS campaign allowed the identification of the compound WLB-89462 (20c) with good σ2R affinity (Ki = 13 nM) and high selectivity vs both the σ1R (Ki = 1777 nM) and a general panel of 180 targets. It represents one of the first σ2R ligands with drug-like properties, linked to a good physicochemical and ADMET profile (good solubility, no CYP inhibition, good metabolic stability, high permeability, brain penetration, and high oral exposure in rodents). Compound 20c shows neuroprotective activity in vitro and improves short-term memory impairment induced by hippocampal injection of amyloid ß peptide in rats. Together with the promising effects in the chronic models where 20c is currently being evaluated, these results pave the way toward its clinical development as a neuroprotective agent.

Respiratory Center Function and Its Impact in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Treatment

Introduction: Patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) need treatment with positive pressure either with continuous (CPAP) or double pressure (NIV). The apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) is considered a key data for making therapeutic decisions. We hypothesized that HR may be an useful tool to establish different phenotypes and individualize treatment in patients with OHS. Our objective was to analyze the role of the respiratory center response to hypercapnia (HR) in the adequacy of positive airway pressure therapy. Method: We included subjects with OHS treated with CPAP or NIV according to AHI and baseline pCO2. We analyzed therapeutic effectiveness and treatment changes prioritizing CPAP if AHI>30/h. Therapy was considered adequate if it was effective after two years. HR was measured with the p0.1/pEtCO2 ratio and its capability to select therapy was analyzed. The statistical study was performed by means comparison (Student's t) and multivariate analysis (logistic regression). Results: 67 subjects were included of 68(11) years old, 37 (55%) males, initially 45 (67%) treated with NIV and 22 (33%) with CPAP, one case was excluded and in 25 (38%) the treatment was changed. Finally, CPAP was adequate for 29 subjects (44%) and NIV for 37 (56%). The CPAP group showed AHI 57/h (24) and p0.1/pEtCO2 0.37cmH2O/mmHg (0.23), NIV group AHI 43/h (35) and p0.1/pEtCO2 0.24 (0.15) with p=0.049 and 0.006. In multivariate analysis, p0.1/pEtCO2 (p=0.033) and AHI>30 (p=0.001) were predictors of adequate therapy. Conclusion: Measuring the RH of the respiratory center helps to select the most appropriate treatment for patients with OHS. (AU)

Respiratory Center Function and Its Impact in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) need treatment with positive pressure either with continuous (CPAP) or double pressure (NIV). The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is considered a key data for making therapeutic decisions. We hypothesized that HR may be an useful tool to establish different phenotypes and individualize treatment in patients with OHS. Our objective was to analyze the role of the respiratory center response to hypercapnia (HR) in the adequacy of positive airway pressure therapy. METHOD: We included subjects with OHS treated with CPAP or NIV according to AHI and baseline pCO2. We analyzed therapeutic effectiveness and treatment changes prioritizing CPAP if AHI>30/h. Therapy was considered adequate if it was effective after two years. HR was measured with the p0.1/pEtCO2 ratio and its capability to select therapy was analyzed. The statistical study was performed by means comparison (Student's t) and multivariate analysis (logistic regression). RESULTS: 67 subjects were included of 68(11) years old, 37 (55%) males, initially 45 (67%) treated with NIV and 22 (33%) with CPAP, one case was excluded and in 25 (38%) the treatment was changed. Finally, CPAP was adequate for 29 subjects (44%) and NIV for 37 (56%). The CPAP group showed AHI 57/h (24) and p0.1/pEtCO2 0.37cmH2O/mmHg (0.23), NIV group AHI 43/h (35) and p0.1/pEtCO2 0.24 (0.15) with p=0.049 and 0.006. In multivariate analysis, p0.1/pEtCO2 (p=0.033) and AHI>30 (p=0.001) were predictors of adequate therapy. CONCLUSION: Measuring the RH of the respiratory center helps to select the most appropriate treatment for patients with OHS.

Modelling coastal upwelling off NW Iberian Peninsula: New insights on the fate of phytoplankton blooms.

The northwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsula is a region characterized by pronounced hydrologic and biogeochemical activity, resulting in important fish and shellfish resources whose exploitation has a strong local socioeconomic impact. This high biological diversity is strongly dependent on coastal upwelling induced by favourable winds, which presents seasonal variability. This motivates the present study, which aims to understand the relation between local circulation, hydrography and Chl-a concentration under summer upwelling events of different intensities and clarify their effects in the region. To achieve this purpose, a coupled physical-biological model was developed and validated for the northwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, based on the use of MOHID modelling system and the application of a nested domains methodology. Comparison of predictions with observations demonstrated the model's accuracy in reproducing the physical and biogeochemical properties of the study region, both at the surface and along the water column. The study of different summer upwelling events shows that the local phytoplankton patterns are dependent on the characteristics of the event. Results show that under high upwelling favourable winds, a surface southwestward flow and an equatorward flow through the water column develop near the coast, inducing offshore advection of nutrient and phytoplankton-rich waters. Otherwise, under light upwelling favourable winds, surface currents are weak, a poleward flow develops, and phytoplankton is retained near the coast.

Unravelling plant diversification: Intraspecific genetic differentiation in hybridizing Anacyclus species in the western Mediterranean Basin.

PREMISE: The interfertile species Anacyclus clavatus, A. homogamos, and A. valentinus represent a plant complex coexisting in large anthropic areas of the western Mediterranean Basin with phenotypically mixed populations exhibiting a great floral variation. The goal of this study was to estimate the genetic identity of each species, to infer the role of hybridization in the observed phenotypic diversity, and to explore the effect of climate on the geographic distribution of species and genetic clusters. METHODS: We used eight nuclear microsatellites to genotype 585 individuals from 31 populations of three Anacyclus species for population genetic analyses by using clustering algorithms based on Bayesian models and ordination methods. In addition, we used ecological niche models and niche overlap analyses for both the species and genetic clusters. We used an expanded data set, including 721 individuals from 129 populations for ecological niche models of the genetic clusters. RESULTS: We found a clear correspondence between species and genetic clusters, except for A. clavatus that included up to three genetic clusters. We detected individuals with admixed genetic ancestry in A. clavatus and in mixed populations. Ecological niche models predicted similar distributions for species and genetic clusters. For the two specific genetic clusters of A. clavatus, ecological niche models predicted remarkably different areas. CONCLUSIONS: Gene flow between Anacyclus species likely explains phenotypic diversity in contact areas. In addition, we suggest that introgression could be involved in the origin of one of the two A. clavatus genetic clusters, which also showed ecological differentiation.

Usefulness of P0.1 in the Follow-Up of Individuals With Air Trapping and Home Noninvasive Ventilation and CPAP.

BACKGROUND: The ventilatory mechanics of patients with COPD and obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) are changed when there is air trapping and auto-PEEP, which increase respiratory effort. P0.1 measures the ventilatory drive and, indirectly, respiratory effort. The aim of the study was to measure P0.1 in subjects with COPD or OHS on treatment with positive pressure and to analyze their changes in P0.1 after treatment. METHODS: With a prospective design, subjects with COPD and OHS were studied in whom positive airway pressure was applied in their treatment. P0.1 was determined at study inclusion and after 6 months of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 88 subjects were analyzed: 56% were males, and the mean age of 65 ± 9 y old. Fifty-four (61%) had OHS, and 34 (39%) had COPD. Fifty (56%) had air trapping, with an initial P0.1 value of 3.0 ± 1.3 cm H2O compared with 2.1 ± 0.7 cm H2O for subjects who did not have air trapping (P = .001). After 6 months of treatment, subjects who had air trapping had similar P0.1 as those who did not: 2.3 ± 1.1 and 2.1 ± 1 cm H2O, respectively (P = .53). In subjects with COPD, initial P0.1 was 2.9 ± 1.4 cm H2O and at 6 months 2.2 ± 1.1 cm H2O (P = .02). In subjects with OHS, initial P0.1 was 2.4 ± 1.1 cm H2O and at 6 months 2.2 ± 1.0 cm H2O (P = .28). CONCLUSIONS: COPD and air trapping were associated with greater P0.1 as a marker of respiratory effort. A decrease in P0.1 indicates less respiratory effort after treatment.

Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by enflicoxib, its enantiomers and its main metabolites in vitro in canine blood.

Enflicoxib is approved for the treatment of pain and inflammation in canine osteoarthritis. The objective of this work was to assess the mechanistic basis of enflicoxib therapy investigating the COX inhibitory activity of enflicoxib (racemate), its enantiomers and its main metabolites using the canine whole blood assay. The (R)-(+)-Enflicoxib enantiomer and metabolite M8 (hydroxylated pyrazoline) did not induce significant COX inhibition. Enflicoxib and its (S)-(-)-Enflicoxib enantiomer inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 with variable degree of preferential isoform inhibition, but no significant therapeutic effect is anticipated in vivo. The pyrazol metabolite showed the highest COX-2 inhibition and was the most selective (IC50 COX-1/ COX-2 ratio: 19.45). As the pyrazol metabolite shows saturable binding to red blood cells, its in vivo concentrations in plasma are lower than in whole blood. Accordingly, when applying the red blood cell partitioning, the respective IC50 and IC80 for COX-2 inhibition decreased from 2.8 µM (1129 ng/ml) and 13.4 µM (5404 ng/ml) to 0.2 µM (80.7 ng/ml) and 1.2 µM (484 ng/ml) and the selectivity ratio increased to close to 55. The corrected pyrazol metabolite IC50 and IC80 are well within the plasma levels described in treated dogs.

A Primeval Mechanism of Tolerance to Desiccation Based on Glycolic Acid Saves Neurons in Mammals from Ischemia by Reducing Intracellular Calcium-Mediated Excitotoxicity.

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Current treatments, such as pharmacological thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, reopen occluded arteries but do not protect against ischemia-induced damage that occurs before reperfusion or neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion. It has been shown that disrupting the conversion of glyoxal to glycolic acid (GA) results in a decreased tolerance to anhydrobiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva and that GA itself can rescue this phenotype. During the process of desiccation/rehydration, a metabolic stop/start similar to the one observed during ischemia/reperfusion occurs. In this study, the protective effect of GA is tested in different ischemia models, i.e., in commonly used stroke models in mice and swine. The results show that GA, given during reperfusion, strongly protects against ischemic damage and improves functional outcome. Evidence that GA exerts its effect by counteracting the glutamate-dependent increase in intracellular calcium during excitotoxicity is provided. These results suggest that GA treatment has the potential to reduce mortality and disability in stroke patients.

Reliability Analysis of the Proactive Transmission of Replicated Frames Mechanism over Time-Sensitive Networking.

The Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) Task Group has standardised different mechanisms to provide Ethernet with hard real-time guarantees and reliability in layer 2 of the network architecture. Specifically, TSN proposes using space redundancy to increase the reliability of Ethernet networks, but using space redundancy to tolerate temporary faults is not a cost-effective solution. For this reason, we propose to use time redundancy to tolerate temporary faults in the links of TSN-based networks. Specifically, in previous works we proposed the Proactive Transmission of Replicated Frames (PTRF) mechanism to tolerate temporary faults in the links. Now, in this work we present a series of models of TSN and PTRF developed using PRISM, a probabilistic model checker that can be used to evaluate the reliability of systems. After that, we carry out a parametric sensitivity analysis of the reliability achievable by TSN and PTRF and we show that we can increase the reliability of TSN-based networks using PTRF to tolerate temporary faults in the links of TSN networks. This is the first work that presents a quantitative analysis of the reliability of TSN networks.

Interstitial Arabidopsis-Type Telomeric Repeats in Asteraceae.

Tandem repeats of telomeric-like motifs at intra-chromosomal regions, known as interstitial telomeric repeats (ITR), have drawn attention as potential markers of structural changes, which might convey information about evolutionary relationships if preserved through time. Building on our previous work that reported outstanding ITR polymorphisms in the genus Anacyclus, we undertook a survey across 132 Asteraceae species, focusing on the six most speciose subfamilies and considering all the ITR data published to date. The goal was to assess whether the presence, site number, and chromosomal location of ITRs convey any phylogenetic signal. We conducted fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using an Arabidopsis-type telomeric sequence as a probe on karyotypes obtained from mitotic chromosomes. FISH signals of ITR sites were detected in species of subfamilies Asteroideae, Carduoideae, Cichorioideae, Gymnarhenoideae, and Mutisioideae, but not in Barnadesioideae. Although six small subfamilies have not yet been sampled, altogether, our results suggest that the dynamics of ITR formation in Asteraceae cannot accurately trace the complex karyological evolution that occurred since the early diversification of this family. Thus, ITRs do not convey a reliable signal at deep or shallow phylogenetic levels and cannot help to delimitate taxonomic categories, a conclusion that might also hold for other important families such as Fabaceae.

Antecedentes personales y vacunales como factores asociados a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Personal and vaccination history as factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection

Antecedentes y objetivo: El SARS-CoV-2 ha supuesto un importante reto de salud pública. Desde el inicio de la pandemia, se han postulado diferentes comorbilidades que se han asociado con espectros de mayor gravedad y mortalidad. Los objetivos de la presente investigación son: 1) analizar los factores asociados a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) en un área sanitaria del norte de España; 2) conocer el posible papel de la vacunación antigripal y antineumocócica en el desarrollo de la COVID-19.Materiales y métodosSe ha realizado un estudio de casos y controles de test negativo. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables relacionadas con los antecedentes personales y vacunales. A pesar de que la definición epidemiológica de caso fue variando a lo largo del tiempo, se tuvo como referencia la correspondiente al 31 de enero del 2020 en España. Se efectuó un análisis bivariante y multivariante.ResultadosLa muestra incluyó a 188 pacientes, de los cuales 63 fueron casos y 125 controles. Los resultados muestran que la obesidad aumenta 2,4 veces el riesgo de padecer esta infección (IC 95% 1.301 a 4.521) y los antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina II (ARA-2) lo aumentan 2,2 veces (IC 95% 1.256 a 6.982). Por otro lado, la vacunación antineumocócica conjugada de 13 serotipos mostró resultados cercanos a la significación estadística (OR = 0,4; IC 95% 0,170 a 1.006).ConclusionesLa obesidad y el uso de fármacos ARA-2 aumentan el riesgo de la COVID-19. El conocimiento científico sobre los factores asociados a la COVID-19 debe seguir ampliándose. La presente investigación plantea la necesidad de profundizar en el papel de las vacunas sobre esta infección y sus posibles propiedades heterólogas. (AU)

Background and objective: SARS-CoV-2 has been and is a major global Public Health challenge. Since the beginning of the pandemic, different comorbidities have been postulated and associated with spectra of increased severity and mortality. The objectives of this research are: 1) to analyse the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in a health area in northern Spain; 2) to understand the possible role of influenza vaccination and pneumococcal vaccination in the development of COVID-19.Materials and methodA test-negative case-control study was conducted. Variables related to personal and vaccination history were considered. Although the epidemiological definition of the case varied over time, the reference definition was that corresponding to 31/01/2020 in Spain. A bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed.ResultsThe sample included 188 patients, of which 63 were cases and 125 controls. The results show that obesity increases the risk 2.4-fold of suffering this infection (IC 95% 1,301-4,521) and ARA-2 increases it 2.2-fold (95% CI 1,256-6,982). On the other hand, anti-pneumococcal vaccination of 13 serotypes showed results close to statistical significance (OR = 0.4; 95% CI 0.170-1,006).ConclusionObesity and the use of ARA-2 increases the risk of COVID-19. Scientific knowledge about factors associated with COVID-19 should be expanded. The authors consider that the present research raises the need further investigate the role of vaccines in this infection and their possible heterologous properties. (AU)

Personal and vaccination history as factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: SARS-CoV-2 has been and is a major global Public Health challenge. Since the beginning of the pandemic, different comorbidities have been postulated and associated with spectra of increased severity and mortality. The objectives of this research are: 1) to analyse the factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in a health area in northern Spain; 2) to understand the possible role of influenza vaccination and pneumococcal vaccination in the development of COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A test-negative case-control study was conducted. Variables related to personal and vaccination history were considered. Although the epidemiological definition of the case varied over time, the reference definition was that corresponding to 31/01/2020 in Spain. A bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS: The sample included 188 patients, of which 63 were cases and 125 controls. The results show that obesity increases the risk 2.4-fold of suffering this infection (IC 95% 1,301-4,521) and ARA-2 increases it 2.2-fold (95% CI 1,256-6,982). On the other hand, anti-pneumococcal vaccination of 13 serotypes showed results close to statistical significance (OR = 0.4; 95% CI 0.170-1,006). CONCLUSION: Obesity and the use of ARA-2 increases the risk of COVID-19. Scientific knowledge about factors associated with COVID-19 should be expanded. The authors consider that the present research raises the need further investigate the role of vaccines in this infection and their possible heterologous properties.

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: El SARS-CoV-2 ha supuesto un importante reto de salud pública. Desde el inicio de la pandemia, se han postulado diferentes comorbilidades que se han asociado con espectros de mayor gravedad y mortalidad. Los objetivos de la presente investigación son: 1) analizar los factores asociados a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) en un área sanitaria del norte de España; 2) conocer el posible papel de la vacunación antigripal y antineumocócica en el desarrollo de la COVID-19. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se ha realizado un estudio de casos y controles de test negativo. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables relacionadas con los antecedentes personales y vacunales. A pesar de que la definición epidemiológica de caso fue variando a lo largo del tiempo, se tuvo como referencia la correspondiente al 31 de enero del 2020 en España. Se efectuó un análisis bivariante y multivariante. RESULTADOS: La muestra incluyó a 188 pacientes, de los cuales 63 fueron casos y 125 controles. Los resultados muestran que la obesidad aumenta 2,4 veces el riesgo de padecer esta infección (IC 95% 1.301 a 4.521) y los antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina II (ARA-2) lo aumentan 2,2 veces (IC 95% 1.256 a 6.982). Por otro lado, la vacunación antineumocócica conjugada de 13 serotipos mostró resultados cercanos a la significación estadística (OR = 0,4; IC 95% 0,170 a 1.006). CONCLUSIONES: La obesidad y el uso de fármacos ARA-2 aumentan el riesgo de la COVID-19. El conocimiento científico sobre los factores asociados a la COVID-19 debe seguir ampliándose. La presente investigación plantea la necesidad de profundizar en el papel de las vacunas sobre esta infección y sus posibles propiedades heterólogas.

Mental health interventions for healthcare workers during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: In order to reduce distress associated with working with COVID-19 patients, several psychological intervention programmes for healthcare workers have been developed in Spain. We aimed to describe the main characteristics and components of these programmes for healthcare workers treating COVID-19 patients in Spanish hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An online survey was designed to evaluate the main characteristics of psychological intervention programmes for healthcare workers during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Valid responses were received from 36 hospitals. Most of these programmes offered both in-person and online therapy. The most common aim of these interventions was emotional regulation, which was treated by psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioural techniques in individual interventions. Group interventions mainly used psychoeducation and mindfulness. Only half of the teams that offered in-person interventions received training in the proper use of personal protective equipment. CONCLUSIONS: Several hospitals in Spain have developed mental health interventions for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, deploying a wide range of therapeutic modalities and techniques. The rapid implementation of these programmes during the pandemic suggests that safety may not have received sufficient attention. The planning and development of interventions for healthcare workers during pandemics merits greater attention by national and regional authorities and institutions.

Biopsy of Intrapulmonary Lesions in Lungs with Atelectasis and Pleural Effusion / Biopsia de lesiones intrapulmonares en pulmones con atelectasia y derrame pleural

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